MODALS

PRINT
http://www.teach-this.com/images/resources/the-modal-hotel.pdf

http://www.teach-this.com/images/resources/when-you-were-a-child.pdf


http://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar-vocabulary/grammar-videos/have-must-and-should-obligation-and-advice


http://linguapress.com/grammar/modal-obligation.htm

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-obligation.html



http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/musthaveto/menu.php

Modal verbs of obligation :
must, have to, should and ought to 

There are two types of  modal verbs of obligation ;

• those that primarily express a firm obligation or necessity - must and have to 
• those that express a recommendation or moral obligation - should and ought to 

Firm obligation, etc. - must and have to 

The verb must only exists in the simple present and present perfect forms. 
While the present form can express obligation, necessity, certainty or strong probability, the present perfect forms only express a strongly felt opinion or supposition.

All persons	Present	Present perfect
Affirmative	must	must have
Negative	must not, mustn't	must not have, mustn't have

If other tenses are required, the speaker or writer must use forms of the synonymous modal verb "have to" .  This modal auxiliary has all normal tenses, including progressive or continuous forms; these are not common, but need to be used in some cases.

Principal tenses	Present	Present perfect	Past	Future
Affirmative:	has to, have to	has had to have had to	had to	will have to
Negative;	does not have to, do not have to , doesn't have to don't have to	has not had to have not had to	did not have to didn't have to *	will not have to won't have to
Progressive or continuous	am having to is having to, are having to	has been having to have been having to	was having to were having to	will be having to

* The form "had not to" is sometimes used, but it is generally considered to be archaic.

Got to :

In spoken English, and in the present form only, have to is often substantiated by the word got;
     For example an alternative to I have to is I've got to.
For more on this, see Get and got

Examples of must and have to being used to express :
a. Firm obligation or necessity
b. Certainty  or strong probability.
c. Must have only :  supposition

a1) You must see a doctor at once !
a2)  I have to be at school tomorrow at 8 a.m. I have an exam !
a21) I've got to be at school tomorrow at .....
a3)  You mustn't touch that plate, it's too hot.
a4)  I had to see a doctor, because I felt very sick.
a5)  I had to break the window ! I lost my key !
a6)  The manager isn't here, he's had to go to Paris on urgent business.
a7)  Tomorrow the President will have to open Parliament.
a8)  She's having to move because she can't stand the noise.
a9)  I'm having to take out this detonator very slowly, to avoid an explosion.
a10)  Oh you're so kind!  You didn't have to do it as well as that !

b1)  He must be over eighty, he was born in 1930.
b2)  If my brother's not in London, he has to be in New York.
b3)  I've got all the right answers, I must be one of the winners !
b4)  If I remember correctly, it has to be here.

c1)  I can't find my laptop, I must have left it in the train.
c2)  If they're out, they mustn't have heard the news.

Attention !  
Take care to distinguish correctly between  "had to" and "must have"

They had to go to London
   = They were obliged to go to London
They must have gone to London.
   = In my opinion, they have certainly gone to London.

► Other uses of the verb have: see the verb to have.

Recommendation or moral obligation - should and ought to 

The verb should only exists in the simple present, and present perfect forms 
  Forms of should

All persons	Present	Present perfect
Affirmative	should	should have
Negatve	should not, shouldn't	should not have,  shouldn't have

The verb ought to only exists in simple present and present perfect forms
  Forms of ought to

All persons	Present	Present perfect
Affirmative	ought to	ought to have
Negative	ought not to,  oughtn't to	ought not to have,  oughtn't to have

Should and ought to are more or less synonymous

Examples:a1) You should stop smoking ( = You ought to stop smoking.)
a2)  It's raining hard, the children ought to come indoors.
a3)  I didn't know you were married ! You ought to have told me !
a4)  If you'd wanted to succeed, you should have worked harder at school.
a5)  This pullover's got holes in it, I should get a new one.
a6)  This pullover's got holes in it, I ought to get a new one.
a7)  That's awful ! You really oughtn't to have done that, you know !

Should' vs. 'Shall'

Should

f t g+ p

"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

Examples:

• When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation
• You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
• I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
• By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation

Using "Should" in Present, Past, and Future

Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "should" behaves in different contexts.

Modal Use	Positive Forms 1. = Present   2. = Past   3. = Future	Negative Forms 1. = Present   2. = Past   3. = Future	Also use:
should recommendation, advisability	1. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods.2. Frank should have eaten low-fat foods. That might have prevented his heart attack. 3. You really should start eating better.	1. Sarah shouldn't smoke so much. It's not good for her health.2. Sarah shouldn't have smoked so much. That's what caused her health problems. 3. Sarah shouldn't smoke when she visits Martha next week. Martha hates when people smoke in her house.	ought to
should obligation	I should be at work before 9:00.We should return the video before the video rental store closes. "Should" can also express something between recommendation and obligation. "Be supposed to" expresses a similar idea and can easily be used in the past or in negative forms.	NO NEGATIVE FORMS	be supposed to
should expectation	1. Susan should be in New York by now. 2. Susan should have arrived in New York last week. Let's call her and see what she is up to. 3. Susan should be in New York by next week. Her new job starts on Monday.	1. Susan shouldn't be in New York yet.2. Susan shouldn't have arrived in New York until yesterday. 3. Susan shouldn't arrive in New York until next week.	ought to, be supposed to

Could

f t g+ p

"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."

Examples:

• Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. possibility
• Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. past ability
• You could see a movie or go out to dinner. suggestion
• Could I use your computer to email my boss? request
• We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. conditional

Using "Could" in Present, Past, and Future

Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "could" behaves in different contexts.

Modal Use	Positive Forms 1. = Present   2. = Past   3. = Future	Negative Forms 1. = Present   2. = Past   3. = Future	Also use:
could possibility	1. John could be the one who stole the money.2. John could have been the one who stole the money. 3. John could go to jail for stealing the money.	1. Mary couldn't be the one who stole the money.2. Mary couldn't have been the one who stole the money. 3. Mary couldn't possibly go to jail for the crime.	might, may
could conditional of can	1. If I had more time, I could travel around the world.2. If I had had more time, I could have traveled around the world. 3. If I had more time this winter, I could travel around the world.	1. Even if I had more time, I couldn't travel around the world.2. Even if I had had more time, I couldn't have traveled around the world. 3. Even if I had more time this winter, I couldn't travel around the world.
could suggestion	1. NO PRESENT FORM2. You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii. 3. You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.	NO NEGATIVE FORMS
could past ability	I could run ten miles in my twenties.I could speak Chinese when I was a kid. "Could" cannot be used in positive sentences in which you describe a momentary or one-time ability. Yesterday, I could lift the couch by myself. Not Correct	I couldn't run more than a mile in my twenties.I couldn't speak Swahili. "Could" can be used in negative sentences in which you describe a momentary or one-time ability. Yesterday, I couldn't lift the couch by myself. Correct	be able to
could polite request	Could I have something to drink?Could I borrow your stapler? Requests usually refer to the near future.	Couldn't he come with us?Couldn't you help me with this for just a second? Requests usually refer to the near future.	can, may, might

REMEMBER: "Could not" vs. "Might not" "Could not" suggests that it is impossible for something to happen. "Might not" suggests you do not know if something happens. Examples: Jack might not have the key. Maybe he does not have the key. Jack could not have the key. It is impossible that he has the key.

Shall

f t g+ p

"Shall" is used to indicate future action. It is most commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" "Shall" is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often expresses inevitability or predestination. "Shall" is much more commonly heard in British English than in American English; Americans prefer to use other forms, although they do sometimes use "shall" in suggestions or formalized language.

Examples:

• Shall I help you? suggestion
• I shall never forget where I came from. promise
• He shall become our next king. predestination
• I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new director. inevitability

More Examples of "Shall"

Modal Use	Positive Forms	Negative Forms	Also use:
shall future action(British form)	I shall be replaced by someone from the New York office.I shall be there by 8:00.	I shall not be replaced after all.I shall not be there. I have a previous obligation.	will
shall suggestions	Shall we begin dinner?Shall we move into the living room?		should
shall volunteering, promising(British form)	I shall take care of everything for you.I shall make the travel arrangements. There's no need to worry.	I shall never forget you.I shall never give up the fight for freedom.	will
shall inevitability(British form)	Man shall explore the distant regions of the universe.We shall overcome oppression.	Man shall never give up the exploration of the universe.He shall not be held back.

May

f t g+ p

"May" is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or request permission, although this usage is becoming less common.

Examples:

• Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. possibility
• Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. give permission
• May I use your bathroom? request permission

Using "May" in Present, Past, and Future

Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "may" behaves in different contexts.

Modal Use	Positive Forms 1. = Present   2. = Past   3. = Future	Negative Forms 1. = Present   2. = Past   3. = Future	Also use:
may possibility	1. Jack may be upset. I can't really tell if he is annoyed or tired.2. Jack may have been upset. I couldn't really tell if he was annoyed or tired. 3. Jack may get upset if you don't tell him the truth.	1. Jack may not be upset. Perhaps he is tired.2. Jack may not have been upset. Perhaps he was tired. 3. Jack may not get upset, even if you tell him the truth	might
may give permission	1. You may leave the table now that you're finished with your dinner.2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO" You were allowed to leave the table after you finished your dinner. 3. You may leave the table when you finish your dinner.	1. You may not leave the table. You're not finished with your dinner yet.2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED TO" You were not allowed to leave the table because you hadn't finished your dinner. 3. You may not leave the table until you are finished with your dinner.	can
may request permission	May I borrow your eraser?May I make a phone call? Requests usually refer to the near future.	NO NEGATIVE FORMS	can, might

link

http://linguapress.com/grammar/modal-obligation.htm
http://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/everyday-grammar-should-vs-shall/3107315.html
COULD. http://www.englishpage.com/modals/could.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_modal_verbs#Shall_and_should

SHALL: http://www.englishpage.com/modals/shall.html
MAY: http://www.englishpage.com/modals/may.html
http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2014/03/must-should-ought/

SHOULD: http://www.englishpage.com/modals/should.html

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hoose the correct combination in the following sentences:

• 1. '___ you swim'? 'Yes, I ___'
  
  Can/can't
  Can/can
• 2. I'm sorry I ___ help you today, I'm really busy.
  
  Can 
  Can't
• 3. Please ___ you buy some milk on your way home? I ___ leave the house because I'm looking after the baby.
  
  Can/can't
  Can't/can't 
• 4. I ___ ride a bike but I ___ drive a car.
  
  Can/can
  Can/can't
• 5. I just ___ manage to wake up on time, I'm always late.
  
  can 
  can't
• 6. 'Hello, ___ I help you'? 'Actually, no you ___ this restaurant is awful and we've been waiting here for half an hour. We're leaving'.
  
  Can't/can 
  Can/can't
• 7. I have a special talent, I ___ touch my nose with my tongue ___ you?
  
  Can't/can
  Can/can
• 8. '___ I go to the bathroom please'? 'Yes, of course you ___.'
  
  Can/can't
  Can/can
• 9. Look! It's right there!___ you see it? It's so obvious!
  
  Can't
  Can
• 10. I've never been able to eat breakfast in the mornings. I ___ talk to anyone either!
  
  Can't
  Can

https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/can-or-cant
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




https://agendaweb.org/verbs/can-exercises.html
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Can - Can't Exercises PDF

Modal auxiliary verbs can - can't: PDF exercises for elementary students of English to download for free.

Can - Can't Exercise 1 + Key with answers 1

• Put words in the correct order to make sentences.

Can - Can't Exercise 2 + Key with answers 2

• Rewrite sentences with can - can't and keep the same meaning.

Can - Can't Exercise 3 + Key with answers 3

• Choose the correct endings to complete sentences.

Can - Can't questions Exercise 4 + Key with answers 4

• Put words in the correct order to make questions.

Our tip

Grammar rules PDF Printable grammar rules with examples from everyday English.

Modal verbs online Interactive exercises and online grammar rules.

All these materials are written for students and teachers of English as a foreign language.

https://www.e-grammar.org/can-cannot/
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_could_will_be_able_to/modals-elementary-a1/54342




https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/talking_about_rules/modals-school-cancanthave/55925






https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_cant_with_animals/modals-animals-beginner/48783






https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/what_can_i_eat/someany-food-some/11819







https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_and_cant_game_can_you_prove_it/ability-can-cant/32279




https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can__cant_abilities/can-ability-can/72458







https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/write_sentences_with_can_and_cant/actions-actions-can/1403


https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_or_cant/can-preintermediate-a2/73240






https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/cancantcouldcouldnt/modals-elementary-a1/35852





https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/cancant_competition/modals-body-beginner/37513






https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/animals-_memory_and_category_game/parts-of-speech/18325


https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/cancant/modals-ability-elementary/26335






https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_or_cant/can/86775




https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/explorers_2_unit_1_actions_sports_i_can_i_cant/can/91062







https://en.islcollective.com/download/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/find_someone_who_cancant/modals-ability-can/49911



https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can__cant/can/89591




https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_and_cant_modal/modals-actions-beginner/28950

CAN MUST
https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/auxiliary_verbs__revision/auxiliary-verbs/99203









https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/pairwork_can_you___hobbies__sports/questions-ability-can/68666

CAN SHOULD

https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/cancantshouldshouldnt/modals/93933







https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_and_cant/modals-elementary-a1/28846



https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_or_cant_you/modals-beginner-prea1/17592








https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can__cant/modals-elementary-a1/60791

https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_or_cant/elementary-a1-writing/60685









https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_cant_about_animal_abilities/can/100486






https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_-_cant/ability-can-cant/19277







https://en.islcollective.com/resources/printables/worksheets_doc_docx/can_cant_short_answers__animals/modals-ability-beginner/49476

















---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------